Elite theory is a social and political theory that examines the distribution of power and influence within societies. It posits that power is concentrated in the hands of a small, dominant elite group, rather than being evenly distributed among the population. Elite theorists argue that this elite group, often referred to as the ruling class or the power elite, possesses disproportionate control over political, economic, and social institutions.

Key Concepts:

1. Elite: The elite refers to a small group of individuals who wield significant power and influence within a society. They may hold positions in government, corporations, media, or other key institutions. Elite theorists suggest that this group effectively governs and shapes society.
2. Power: Elite theory emphasizes the unequal distribution of power. The elite holds a dominant position and exercises power over the masses. Power can manifest in various forms, such as political authority, economic control, or control over information and resources.
3. Oligarchy: Elite theory often describes societies as oligarchies, where power is concentrated in the hands of a few. Oligarchy refers to a system of governance where a small, privileged group exercises control, making decisions that affect the majority.
4. Circulation of Elites: Elite theorists recognize that the composition of the elite group may change over time. However, they argue that the overall concentration of power remains relatively stable. As some members of the elite may be replaced, new individuals from similar backgrounds often fill their positions, maintaining the elite’s influence.
5. Pluralism: While elite theory emphasizes the power of a dominant few, it does not discount the existence of other groups and interests in society. Pluralism acknowledges that various groups may compete for influence, but it argues that the elite generally holds a preponderance of power.
6. Democracy and Critiques: Elite theory challenges the idealized notion of democracy, suggesting that true political power rests with a select few rather than being widely distributed among citizens. Critics argue that elite theory undermines the principles of equality and participation in a democratic society.

Prominent Elite Theorists:

1. Vilfredo Pareto: An Italian sociologist and economist, Pareto’s work on the circulation of elites and the concept of the “80/20 rule” (Pareto principle) laid the foundation for elite theory.
2. Gaetano Mosca: An Italian political scientist, Mosca emphasized the persistence of political elites and their control over societies. He argued that elites form a ruling class and that their dominance is a natural and inevitable aspect of human societies.
3. Robert Michels: A German sociologist, Michels examined the role of elites in political parties. He introduced the concept of the “iron law of oligarchy,” suggesting that even organizations with democratic intentions ultimately become dominated by a few individuals.
4. C. Wright Mills: An American sociologist, Mills expanded elite theory in his book “The Power Elite.” He argued that power was concentrated among a triad of elites: political, economic, and military. Mills highlighted their interconnections and influence over society.

Elite theory offers a critical perspective on the distribution of power in society, highlighting the disproportionate control of a small group. While it has faced criticism for neglecting the agency of individuals and alternative power dynamics, it continues to contribute to discussions on the nature of power and the functioning of political systems.